• “A History of English Literature” by Arthur Compton-Rickett
• “An Outline History of English Literature” by W.H. Hudson
• “Contemporary Literary and Cultural Theory” by Nayar Pramod K.
• “Linguistics: An Introduction” by William B. McGregor
• “Indian Writing in English” by K.R. Srinivasa Iyengar

Specialized Guides:

• “Uttar Pradesh Assistant Professor English” 
  amazon.in
• “UPHESC Assistant Professor English Literature Code-10 Question Bank” 
  books.google.com

🗓 Daily Study Plan (4–6 hours/day)

🔹 Week 1 (Days 1–7): Theoretical & Conceptual Clarity
📖 Focus on fundamental topics (Marx, Weber, Durkheim, Indian Sociology).
🎯 Use NCERT Sociology (Class 11 & 12) for basics.
📌 Refer to Haralambos & Holborn / Ritzer / IGNOU Sociology Notes (for quick theory revision).

🔹 Week 2 (Days 8–14): Applied & Contemporary Topics
📖 Cover Indian Society, Social Institutions, and Research Methods.
🎯 Revise important thinkers (Merton, Goffman, Bourdieu, Foucault).
📌 Make short notes for quick revision.

🔹 Week 3 (Days 15–20): MCQ Practice & Revision
✅ Solve Previous Year Papers (PYQs) – At least 5–7 full-length papers.
✅ Attempt Mock Tests (at least 1–2 daily).
✅ Focus on time management & accuracy.

Quick Revision Tips

✅ 1-Page Notes for Each Topic (Summarize theories & key terms).
✅ Flashcards for Thinkers & Terms (e.g., Durkheim = Social Facts, Weber = Verstehen).
✅ Solve 50 MCQs Daily (From previous years & mocks).
✅ Revise in Last 3 Days – No new topics, just PYQs & short notes.

Challenges in Translation

Translation poses various challenges due to linguistic, cultural, and contextual differences between languages. Below are some of the key challenges:

1. Linguistic Differences

• Grammar and Syntax: Languages have unique grammatical structures. For example, English follows Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) order, while Japanese often uses Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) order.
• Idiomatic Expressions: Idioms and colloquialisms often lack direct equivalents in other languages, making them difficult to translate accurately.
• Word Ambiguity: A single word may have multiple meanings depending on the context, leading to potential mistranslations.

2. Cultural Differences

• Cultural References: Terms, symbols, or concepts specific to one culture may not have counterparts in another, requiring careful adaptation.
• Humor and Sarcasm: Translating humor is particularly challenging, as it often relies on cultural context, wordplay, or timing.

3. Contextual Challenges

• Polysemy: Words with multiple meanings need to be translated based on the specific context, which requires deep understanding.
• Register and Tone: Maintaining the intended tone (formal, casual, poetic, etc.) is crucial but complex, as some expressions may lose their impact when translated.

4. Technical and Specialized Content

• Jargon and Terminology: Translating technical, legal, or scientific documents demands precise understanding and equivalent terminology in the target language.
• Consistency: Maintaining consistency in terminology and style throughout lengthy or specialized texts is challenging.

5. Localization vs. Literal Translation

• Adaptation for Audience: Striking a balance between staying true to the original text and adapting it to suit the cultural and linguistic norms of the target audience can be difficult.

6. Loss of Nuance

• Certain words, phrases, or emotions may lose their depth or nuance when translated, especially in poetry or literary texts.

7. Technological Constraints

• While translation tools like Google Translate can assist, they often fail to capture subtleties and require human intervention for accuracy and cultural sensitivity.

Thank you